Forensic Nurse Practitioner (NP) – Education, Licensure & Salary
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“Every nurse is a forensic nurse because every nurse cares for patients affected by violence, be that sexual assault and abuse, intimate partner violence, trafficking, interpersonal violence including physical assaults and gun violence, and other forms of abuse.”
Jennifer Pierce-Weeks, CEO of the International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN)
Forensic nurse practitioners—i.e., NPs trained and certified in forensic nursing—are critical at the intersection of medicine and law enforcement. As specialized medical professionals, their role extends beyond the traditional boundaries of nursing, delving into areas like crime scene investigation, legal proceedings, and victim advocacy.
Forensic nurses and NPs primarily care for patients who have been victims or perpetrators of sexual assault, intimate partner violence, abuse, or crime. Their work involves collecting evidence, documenting injuries, testifying in court, and working closely with law enforcement and legal teams to collect medical evidence properly and ethically. In addition to these duties, FNPs often provide crisis intervention services and connect patients with resources for longer-term support. They work in various settings, including hospitals, coroner’s offices, correctional facilities, and domestic violence shelters.
The career growth for FNPs is promising, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS 2024) projecting a 40 percent growth rate for nurse practitioners from 2023 to 2033. Forensic nursing, in particular, is becoming increasingly recognized as a crucial component of the healthcare and justice system. The work of FNPs has a significant positive impact on society, as their expertise can play a critical role in ensuring justice is served and victims receive the care and support they need. Their unique skill set allows them to bridge the gap between medicine and the legal system, making a real difference in the lives of their patients and the community at large.
This article explores the education, licensure, and salary aspects of this fascinating and impactful career, offering insights for those considering a path in forensic nursing. Read on to learn more about how to become a forensic nurse practitioner.
Meet the Expert: Jennifer Pierce-Weeks, BSN, RN, SANE-P, SANE-A
Jennifer Pierce-Weeks is the chief executive officer for the International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN), where she implemented the adult/adolescent and pediatric online SANE training and learning management system.
Pierce-Weeks has 35 years of nursing experience, focusing on forensic nursing since 1995. She presents nationally on a variety of forensic nursing-related topics, including sexual assault and abuse, intimate partner violence, strangulation, child maltreatment, and program management and sustainability.
Pierce-Weeks’ work at a national level includes being interim CEO and past president of the IAFN, where she also served on the Board from 2006-2010. Additionally, she was a consultant for the Southwest Center for Law and Policy’s SAFESTAR Project and the National Sexual Violence Resource Center’s SANE Sustainability Project. She has written, edited, and reviewed state-specific protocols and customized protocols for hospitals, sexual assault response teams (SARTs), and tribal communities.
NursingColleges.com:What do you wish the public understood about forensic nurse practitioners?
Pierce-Weeks: There is no such thing as a “forensic nurse practitioner.” There are forensic nurses, some of whom are RNs and some of whom are nurse practitioners in various areas of practice.
What I wish the public understood about forensic nursing is that it intersects every practice area. Every nurse is a forensic nurse because every nurse cares for patients affected by violence, be that sexual assault and abuse, intimate partner violence, trafficking, interpersonal violence including physical assaults and gun violence, and other forms of abuse.
NursingColleges.com: What advice would you give to aspiring forensic nursing students?
Pierce-Weeks: My advice to aspiring forensic nurses is to learn as much as possible about the health implications of violence and its cost to individuals, families, and communities. Explore how you can take the next steps to ensure your response to these patient populations provides them with the trauma-informed, collaborative, and comprehensive care they need. Providing forensic nursing care improves short and long-term health outcomes for the populations served, strengthens the research base, and improves criminal justice system outcomes, allowing offenders to be held accountable.
How to Become a Forensic Nurse Practitioner
Step 1: Earn a High School Diploma or GED (Four Years)
Completing a high school degree or GED is essential to pursue a career as a registered nurse.
Step 2: Earn a BSN Degree (One to Four Years)
A BSN degree is a prerequisite for nurses who want to delve into advanced specializations or managerial roles. Depending on previous educational experience, this degree usually takes one to four years to complete and can be obtained from several accredited colleges and universities. A BSN program equips students with the essential knowledge and skills for professional nursing practice and the chance to focus on a specific area like forensic nursing or prepare for graduate studies in advanced nursing.
Here are three common types of BSN programs offered on-campus, online, or hybrid formats:
Accelerated BSN Programs: This is a fast-track, one-year option for obtaining a bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) degree, specifically designed for individuals who already hold bachelor’s degrees in fields other than nursing.
- Sample program: University of Washington
- Duration: One year
RN-to-BSN Programs: This two-year program is designed for licensed RNs who have obtained two-year associate’s degrees in nursing (ADN), enabling them to complete their bachelor’s degree.
- Sample program: Western Governors University
- Duration: Three years
Traditional BSN Programs: Four-year programs that begin from high school and result in a bachelor’s or nursing (BSN).
- Sample program: Montclair State University
- Duration: Four years
Step 3: Pass the NCLEX Exam (Timeline Varies)
The NCLEX exam is a thorough test administered to registered nurses pursuing licensure from state boards throughout the United States. Its purpose is to evaluate nurses’ competency and expertise to ensure they can provide safe care in any healthcare environment. Most states mandate passing the NCLEX as a requirement for RNs to obtain their license and commence their nursing practice.
Step 4: Get Nursing Experience (One or More Years)
Although obtaining a nursing graduate degree might open more job prospects, it’s crucial to note that many of these advanced programs require applicants to gain work experience before submitting their applications. Hence, accumulating one to two years (or even more) of hands-on nursing experience before applying for a graduate program can distinguish an applicant from the rest and provide a competitive advantage in the admission process.
Step 5: Enroll in a Graduate Degree or Certificate Program (One to Five Years)
To become a forensic nurse practitioner, an advanced nursing degree or certification is a requirement. Advancement in specialized nursing field knowledge can be achieved either through a graduate degree or a professional education certificate. Master’s and doctoral programs highlight the most recent evidence-based healthcare practices and pave the way for growth and promotion opportunities within the nursing profession.
Here are some common advanced nursing degree and certificate programs available on-campus, online, or in hybrid formats:
Undergraduate Certificate: An undergraduate forensic nursing certificate program is designed for registered nurses at the bachelor’s level who are interested in applying their skills to legal matters.
- Sample program: Penn State Global
- Duration: One year
Post-Master’s Certificate: A one-year certificate program that can be earned independently after earning a BSN or as part of an MSN degree or specialization.
- Sample program: Duquesne University
- Duration: One year
Master of Science in Nursing (MSN): Two-year degree with a forensic nurse practitioner concentration.
- Sample program: Texas A&M University
- Duration: Two years
Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP): A two- to five-year doctoral program in advanced practical nursing.
- Sample program: University of Michigan
- Duration: Three years
Step 6: Earn Forensic Nurse Practitioner Certification (Timeline Varies)
The journey to becoming a forensic nurse varies, with many registered and advanced practice registered nurses seeking professional certification.
Two of the most common certifications come from the International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN), which offers two certifications:
- Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE-A)
- Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE-P)
Another credentialing organization is the Forensic Nursing Certification Board (FNCB), which offers the following certifications:
- Generalist Forensic Nurse – Certified (GFN-C)
- Advanced Forensic Nurse – Certified (AFN-C)
A third option for certification is available through the American Institute of Health Care Professionals (AICHP), which offers this credential:
- Certified Specialist in Forensic Nursing (FN-CSp)
For additional details on forensic nurse practitioner certification, kindly refer to the certification segments below.
Step 7: Maintain Forensic Nurse Practitioner Certification (Timeline Varies)
Credentials must be refreshed within a predetermined time frame to uphold the status of forensic nurse practitioner certifications. For instance, the validity of SANE-A and SANE-P credentials lasts three years. It’s crucial for those holding these credentials to undertake the renewal process before the termination date of their existing certification to ensure continuous activity and maintain their certified status.
What Does a Forensic Nurse Practitioner Do?
Forensic nurse practitioners (FNPs) provide specialized care to patients who are victims or perpetrators of trauma, violence, abuse, or crime. Their responsibilities often include collecting evidence, documenting injuries, and providing testimony in court. They also work closely with law enforcement and legal teams to collect medical evidence properly and ethically. In addition to these duties, FNPs often provide crisis intervention services and connect patients with resources for longer-term support.
Specific skills and tasks of a forensic nurse practitioner can include:
- Medical Examination: Performing detailed physical examinations, especially for victims of assault or abuse.
- Evidence Collection: Gathering and preserving physical evidence from patients, such as DNA samples or clothing fibers.
- Documentation: Precisely recording observations and findings in medical records for future legal proceedings.
- Testifying in Court: Serving as an expert witness in court cases, explaining medical findings and their implications.
- Interpersonal Skills: Communicating sensitively and effectively with patients who have experienced traumatic events.
- Collaboration: Working closely with law enforcement, legal professionals, and other healthcare providers.
- Crisis Intervention: Providing immediate psychological support for victims and referring them to appropriate mental health services.
- Continuing Education: Staying up-to-date on the latest research and developments in both medicine and forensic science.
These skills highlight the diverse and complex role of FNPs in healthcare and the justice system.
How Much Do Forensic Nurse Practitioners Make?
Forensic nurse practitioners play a crucial role in the intersection of healthcare and law enforcement, and their compensation reflects this specialized skill set. According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS May 2023), nurse practitioners in the US, including those specializing in forensics, earn a median annual salary of $128,490. PayScale (Nov. 2023) reported that the median annual salary for forensic nurses was $61,000, based on 25 self-reported salary profiles.
Wage percentiles from the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) data from May 2023 for all NPs are as follows:
- 10th percentile: $94,530 per year
- 25th percentile: $106,960
- 50th percentile (median): $126,260
- 75th percentile: $140,610
- 90th percentile: $168,030
Forensic Nurse Practitioner Certifications
While it is possible to be employed as a forensic nurse practitioner without specific credentials, having certification demonstrates professional commitment and best-practice knowledge. Becoming certified ensures that peers, employers, patients, and other stakeholders recognize the nurse’s commitment to maintaining the highest standards in this specialized field.
Here are three organizations that certify forensic nurse practitioners.
International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN)
The International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN) is a reputable organization that provides two significant certifications in the field of forensic nursing. The SANE-A and SANE-P designations signify that the nurse has demonstrated the highest standards of forensic nursing practice, particularly in dealing with sexual assault cases.
The IAFN offers online training courses for those preparing to take the SANE-A or SANE-P certification exam, with prices ranging from $350 to $600.
The Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner-Adult/Adolescent (SANE-A) certification is a specialized credential designed for registered nurses with at least two years of experience and completing a 40-hour didactic course focusing on the SANE role. The SANE-A certification exam is held twice a year, in April and September, and requires a successful passing score for certification. This certification signifies that the nurse has demonstrated expertise and competence in caring for adult and adolescent sexual assault victims. It is recognized nationally and often required for nurses who wish to work in this specialty area.
- Eligibility: RN license, BSN, MSN, or DNP degree, two years of RN experience, completion of an accredited 40-hour SANE didactic course, a SANE clinical preceptorship, 300 hours of SANE-related practice
- Duration: Three years
- Fee: $275 (IAFN members in the US/Canada); $350 (international members); $425 (non-members)
The Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner-Pediatric/Adolescent (SANE-P) certification is a distinguished credential offered by the International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN). This certification is specifically tailored for registered nurses with at least two years of experience who have completed a 40-hour didactic course focusing on the pediatric and adolescent SANE role. The SANE-P certification exam is held twice a year, in April and September, and candidates must achieve a successful passing score to be certified. The SANE-P certification validates a nurse’s specialized knowledge and skills in providing care for pediatric and adolescent victims of sexual assault. It is nationally recognized and often required for nurses seeking to work in this specialized area
- Eligibility: RN license, BSN, MSN, or DNP degree, three years of RN experience, completion of an accredited 40-hour SANE didactic course, a SANE clinical preceptorship, 300 hours of SANE-related practice
- Duration: Three years
- Fee: $455 (IAFN members in the US/Canada); $530 (international members); $605 (non-members)
Forensic Nursing Certification Board (FNCB)
The Forensic Nursing Certification Board (FNCB) is a non-profit subsidiary of the Academy of Forensic Nursing that provides and manages professional credentials for forensic nurses.
The FNCB offers the following certifications:
- Generalist Forensic Nurse Certified (GFN-C)
- Advanced Forensic Nurse Certified (AFN-C)
The certifications validate the nurse’s expertise in forensic nursing and are valid for three years from the date of credential conferral. Renewal requirements include holding an active and unencumbered RN license, being currently certified by FNCB, meeting the renewal requirements for the specific certification, and submitting a renewal application with the applicable fee.
The Generalist Forensic Nurse Certified (GFN-C) is designed to validate the mastery of forensic nursing knowledge, skills, and experience at the generalist level. It enhances the professionalism and expertise of registered nurses in this specialized field, affirming their ability to provide high-quality care to patients who have experienced trauma or violence.
- Eligibility: To be eligible for the GFN-C certification, candidates must hold an active and unencumbered RN license, practice the core competencies, and have general nursing experience
- Duration: Three years
- Fee: $395 (AFN members); $450 (non-members)
The Advanced Forensic Nurse Certified (AFN-C) is a specialized credential offered by the Forensic Nursing Certification Board (FNCB). This certification recognizes nurses with advanced expertise in forensic nursing, demonstrating their mastery of complex forensic nursing skills and knowledge. It serves as a testament to their proficiency in providing comprehensive care to patients affected by various forms of trauma or violence.
- Eligibility: To qualify for the AFN-C certification, applicants must hold an active and unrestricted RN license; additionally, they must meet specific clinical practice requirements in forensic nursing with an advanced degree
- Duration: Three years
- Fee: $395 (AFN members); $450 (non-members)
American Institute of Health Care Professionals (AICHP)
The American Institute of Health Care Professionals (AIHCP) provides certification and fellowship opportunities for healthcare professionals across various specialties. Located in Warren, Ohio, AIHCP offers a wide range of certificate programs in areas such as the Forensic Nursing Certification, among others.
The institute’s mission is to enhance the knowledge and skills of healthcare professionals, preparing them to deliver high-quality care in their respective fields. Their programs are comprehensive and designed to equip professionals with the tools they need to navigate complex healthcare scenarios. The AIHCP has received positive reviews for its thorough curriculum and role in preparing healthcare professionals for real-life situations.
The Forensic Nursing Certification offered by the American Institute of Health Care Professionals (AIHCP) is a comprehensive program designed to train nurses in the specialized field of forensic nursing. The certification course equips nurses with the skills and knowledge required to care for victims and perpetrators of trauma, violence, abuse, and crime. It involves understanding the legal system, collecting and preserving evidence, testifying in court, and consulting legal authorities.
- Eligibility: An active and unrestricted RN license; two years of practice experience in forensic nursing or a related field
- Duration: Four years
- Fee: $200
Kimmy Gustafson
WriterThanks to her experience writing in healthcare, Kimmy Gustafson has delivered in-depth articles on timely topics for NursingColleges.com since 2022. Her aim is to assist both students and professionals in navigating the intricate process of selecting a nursing program and understanding the ever-evolving realm of nursing education.
Kimmy has been a freelance writer for more than a decade, writing hundreds of articles on a wide variety of topics such as startups, nonprofits, healthcare, kiteboarding, the outdoors, and higher education. She is passionate about seeing the world and has traveled to over 27 countries. She holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from the University of Oregon. When not working, she can be found outdoors, parenting, kiteboarding, or cooking.
Rachel Drummond, MEd
WriterAt NursingColleges.com, Rachel Drummond has applied her extensive experience in education and mindfulness to elucidate the importance of self-care for nursing students since 2022. Through her writings, she underscores the role of mental and physical well-being in fostering resilient and compassionate healthcare professionals.
Rachel is a writer, educator, and coach from Oregon. She has a master’s degree in education (MEd) and has over 15 years of experience teaching English, public speaking, and mindfulness to international audiences in the United States, Japan, and Spain. She writes about the mind-body benefits of contemplative movement practices like yoga on her blog, inviting people to prioritize their unique version of well-being and empowering everyone to live healthier and more balanced lives.